Dork Scratchings

If the sky were covered in moons it'd be almost a bright as day! Walking to the pub through the Yorkshire Dales on a particularly brilliant moonlit evening, when everything was clearly visible, I wondered just how much less light there was than during daytime?  It turns out to be quite easy to estimate an upper bound - all you need to do is measure the angle subtended by the moon! Let $A_e$ and $A_m$ be the cross sectional areas of the Earth and moon, $d$ be the distance to the moon, and $r$ be the distance to the Sun.  Now, suppose the Sun releases some energy $E_s$ then the amounts $E_{se}$ and $E_{sm}$ which land on the Earth and the moon are given by: $$ \begin{align} E_{se} &= \frac{A_e E_s}{4\pi r^2}\\ E_{sm} &\approx \frac{A_m E_s}{4\pi r^2} \end{align} $$ On a full moon, let's assume for the sake of calculating an upper bound that the moon reflects all of $E_{sm}$ equally in all hemispheric directions.  Then the energy reflected to the Earth ...

Theorem of the week This week's theorem of the week is the fundamental theorem of algebra , and the picture is the proof! Theorem Every non degree-zero polynomial $p(z) = a_nz^n + ...+ a_1z +  a_0$ has a root in $\mathbb{C}$. Picture proof To see how the picture proves this, write $z$ as $Re^{i\theta}$, then for all $k$ $$ z^k = R^ke^{k i \theta} $$ So for sufficiently large $R$ the $a_nz^n$ term dwarfs all the others and so the image of $\{z\in\mathbb{C}: \lvert z \rvert = R\}$ must go around the origin $n$ times, like the rubber band in the photo.  But when $R= 0$ the image is just $\{a_0\}$ which goes around the origin zero times.  So, for some $0 < r < R$ the image of $\{z\in\mathbb{C}: \lvert z \rvert = r\}$ must cross the origin.  QED. Less handwavy proof In order to obtain a contradiction assume $p(z)$ has no zeros.  Then $\frac{z^{n-1}}{p(z)}$ is everywhere differentiable, which in turn means that its closed loop integrals are...

Can you always reorient a four legged chair to make it stable on an uneven surface? If we can assume the feet form a perfect square, then: Yes! Without loss of generality let's suppose that the chair starts off in the position shown top left, with its front right foot in the air and the others on the ground.  If we keep the two left feet on the ground while pushing down on the other two, the above ground foot will eventually touch the floor and the remaining foot will sink below it. Now imagine instead rotating the chair by 90$^\circ$, keeping the same 3 feet touching the ground at all times, and ending with the two back feet in the positions previously occupied by the two left feet.  The two back feet and the front left foot occupy three corners of the square described by the feet at the end of the previous paragraph, so the fourth must be below ground.  Since the front right foot starts off in the air and ends up below ground we can infer from t...

 Déjà vu Reality Checkpoint Cambridge ... the feeling of having been somewhere or experienced something before when you know you haven't.  Déjà vu demonstrates that knowing we've been somewhere before and feeling that we have are different things. What makes it so difficult to convince skeptics of the reality of Everett's parallel worlds is that it feels as if time flows through the present moment like water flowing through a hosepipe.  It doesn't feel like the present moment just exists as a droplet in a sea of moments, some of which happen to be a bit future- like , some a bit past- like (but most neither).  Past-like moments invoke a feeling of recognition in us, and we line them up like dominoes and call them the past.  But if you've ever experienced déjà vu you know that such feelings of recognition can't be trusted. So, if we could determine what neural activity or hormone , is associated with déjà vu, then maybe we could develop a drug th...

A few Christmases ago I was playing with a toy xylophone meant for my nephew when I noticed something odd.  I expected going up an octave to halve the bar length, but it didn't.  A quick measurement confirmed my suspicion: to go up one octave you divide by $\sqrt{2}$ instead of by $2$.  I remembered this earlier this week while at my son's school concert, and decided to see if I could work out why! Strings First a bit of background.  Why did I expect halving the length to result in a note one octave higher (i.e. double the frequency)?  The answer is because I'd learned that this was the case with stringed instruments.  Assume that the tension is a constant $T$, and let $z(y,t)$ be the vertical displacement of the string at position $y$ and time $t$.  Then the upward force on a small element of  size $\delta y$ is approximately $$ T \left(\left. \frac{\partial z}{\partial y}\right|_{y+\delta y} - \left.\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}\right|_y...

Image by Goodtiming8871 CC-BY-SA 4.0 Most people learn how AM and FM radio works at some point or another.  These are methods for transmitting and receiving an analogue signal, but nowadays most radio signals are digital.  How is it possible to send bytes from one place to another using analogue electromagnetic radiation?  I thought I'd write a post to try to demystify it.

Imagine you were a hamster in a hamster ball living on a hilly surface.  Base camp is surrounded on all sides by high summits, but you have a powerful catapult there that can fire you to the top of any of them.  Once fired you can influence your trajectory, but it's hard work and you don't have much energy in your little legs.  Suppose you know where you want to end up beyond the hills.  What's the best strategy for getting there?

ESA/Rosetta/NavCam – CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 In November 2014 the Philae lander touched down on 67P.  As I tried to imagine what was happening there now, I realized that "there now" doesn't really have much meaning when "there" is 30 light minutes away.  And maybe "what's happening" doesn't have much meaning either, given that the region of spacetime outside of one's light cone provides the sort of causal isolation quantum computing engineers would kill for. In a lapse of character brought on by mental fug I penned a poem On Everett's Peak  Rosetta, Philae, half an hour away if you're travelling light Packed with meters, big and small And a single transistor failure could ruin it all Cosmic ray, beta decay, a single gamma misplaced State changed, plan deranged, non-redundant memory defaced It hasn't happened yet, at mission control, as far as it is known At mission control, it hasn't happened yet, anyti...

The following equation can be viewed in a couple of ways $$ action =  \int_{\Omega} \mathcal{L} (\phi_a, \partial_{\mu}{\phi_a}) d^4x $$ 1. Classically Every physical law can be written in terms of an Action Principle .  An action principle states that measurable values $\phi_a(\mathbb{x},t)$ over a region of spacetime $\Omega$ will be such that the action is stationary.  Or to put it another way, if you infinitesimally deform the $\phi_a$ then either  however you do it the action will increase, or  however you do it the action will decrease. There is an important caveat though: the action is stationary because we only consider deformations of the $\phi_a$ that preserve its values on the boundary $\partial \Omega$. This is an alternative to the differential way of describing the universe, in which only a single point of spacetime is considered.  In the differential formulation, instead of being told the values of $\phi_a$ on a boundary of a r...

I would be glad to know your Lordship's opinion whether when my brain has lost its original structure, and when some hundred years after the same materials are fabricated so curiously as to become an intelligent being, whether, I say that being will be me; or, if, two or three such beings should be formed out of my brain; whether they will all be me, and consequently one and the same intelligent being. —  Thomas Reid letter to Lord Kames , 1775 If only nature could provide some way to distinguish between identical and the same  then one could answer Thomas Reid's question.  If a reconstructed Thomas Reid were the same being then that being would be him; if it were an identical being then it would merely be a person with the same memories, but without any continuity of experience linking it to the original Thomas Reid.  Incredibly, it turns out that nature does provide a way! A well known feature of modern physics is that if you perform the same experi...

COBE CMB fluctuations. Original Source: NASA All tortoiseshell cats are female.  Males can be black, or ginger, but never tortoiseshell.  The reason for this is that the mechanism by which tortoiseshell cats get the patterns on their coats depends on having two X chromosomes.  This is all described beautifully in Chapter 7 of "Junk DNA", by Nessa Carey . Females have twice as many X chromosomes as males, which on the face of it should result in 100% more expression for the genes on that chromosome.  This should lead to much greater differences between males and females than we actually see.  To put this in perspective, Down's syndrome is caused by individuals having 3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of 2.  But this is a far smaller chromosome than X and the difference is only 50%, rather than 100%.  (The fact that chromosome 21 is so small is the reason Down's syndrome is more common than syndromes in which there are too many copies of more impo...

How much can you make the top Jenga brick overhang the base by stacking them together? Surprisingly, you can go as far as you want. Suppose your bricks are length $l$ and you have one brick (not including the base).  Obviously you can overhang by $\frac{l}{2}$ without the centre of mass being unsupported.  What if you have two?  Now you have two conditions The centre of mass of the top brick is supported The centre of mass of the top 2 bricks are supported A quick calculation gives us that if the top brick is displaced (relative to the one below) by $\frac{l}{2}$ then the one below could be displaced by at most $\frac{l}{4}$ (relative to the one below it). Now suppose you have $n$ bricks (not including the base), then  you have $n$ conditions.  Let's guess the answer based on the result for $n=2$ and let's set $d_k = \frac{l}{2}\frac{1}{k}$ where $d_k$ is the displacement relative to the brick below and $k$ is the brick number starting at the top....

  Original Image: Mariuswalter CC BY-SA 4.0 I've just finished reading "A Crack In Creation" by Jennifer Doudna and Samuel Sternberg.  Doudna is the co-creator of CRISPR, the gene editing tool that genuinely is a Cracking Creation.  (I don't think the pun was intended since the word Cracking is not used much outside of and Wallace and Grommit appreciation societies, however, it would have been incredibly apt if it were!) If you are interested in How-Things-Work then this is a book for you.  I knew next to nothing about cell biology before starting it and now I feel like a pro.  The authors' writing style is incredibly clear, but what really saves you from the sense of drowning in acronym soup are the excellent illustrations throughout the book.  So, if you have heard the terms: DNA, RNA, base pair, ribosome, amino acid, protein, phage, virus, prokaryote, ... and so on, but aren't really sure what these things are or how they relate to each other th...

A review of Our Mathematical Universe (Max Tegmark) Our Mathematical Universe was my summer holiday reading this year.  But it turned out to be much more than just something to keep me occupied while lounging on the beach.  This book has changed my conception of reality.  The themes in the book are similar in nature to those in The Fabric of Reality by David Deutch - another one of my favourite books.  However, instead of restricting the argument to the parallel universes predicted by Everett's Universal Wavefunction, Tegmark takes us on a tour of four levels of multiverse.  More than this, he provides an overarching theoretical framework for understanding them based on what he calls "the A-word" (because using its full name is guaranteed to get your paper rejected). The argument goes like this.  Whenever we find Nature appears finely tuned to make self-aware life possible, then there are 3 possible explanations It's a fluke! It's design! (by a...

It occurred to me the other day while looking at a set of LED traffic lights that they could be improved quite easily.  The layout of the LEDs in all the ones I've seen seems to favour some radial directions over others and/or result in a higher concentration of bulbs at some radii than at others. My solution involves placing LEDs a increasing distances from the centre and as each LED is placed rotating by the golden angle .  This ensures that no radial direction is preferred over any other.  In addition to this, setting $r_n = \sqrt{n}$ ensures that each bulb covers a roughly similar area. By "area covered" I am referring to the portion of space which is closer to that bulb than to any other.  This is the Voronoi cell generated by a point belonging to a set of points.  The picture above shows the Voronoi cells generated by a set of LEDs placed in the manner described, and the code below shows how I obtained it.  I think it would make a pret...